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2023-10-07 19:42:30 +08:00
---
title: npm-install
section: 1
description: Install a package
---
### Synopsis
```bash
npm install [<package-spec> ...]
aliases: add, i, in, ins, inst, insta, instal, isnt, isnta, isntal, isntall
```
### Description
This command installs a package and any packages that it depends on. If the
package has a package-lock, or an npm shrinkwrap file, or a yarn lock file,
the installation of dependencies will be driven by that, respecting the
following order of precedence:
* `npm-shrinkwrap.json`
* `package-lock.json`
* `yarn.lock`
See [package-lock.json](/configuring-npm/package-lock-json) and
[`npm shrinkwrap`](/commands/npm-shrinkwrap).
A `package` is:
* a) a folder containing a program described by a
[`package.json`](/configuring-npm/package-json) file
* b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)
* c) a url that resolves to (b)
* d) a `<name>@<version>` that is published on the registry (see
[`registry`](/using-npm/registry)) with (c)
* e) a `<name>@<tag>` (see [`npm dist-tag`](/commands/npm-dist-tag)) that
points to (d)
* f) a `<name>` that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)
* g) a `<git remote url>` that resolves to (a)
Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of benefits
of using npm if you just want to write a node program (a), and perhaps if
you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere after packing it up
into a tarball (b).
* `npm install` (in a package directory, no arguments):
Install the dependencies to the local `node_modules` folder.
In global mode (ie, with `-g` or `--global` appended to the command),
it installs the current package context (ie, the current working
directory) as a global package.
By default, `npm install` will install all modules listed as
dependencies in [`package.json`](/configuring-npm/package-json).
With the `--production` flag (or when the `NODE_ENV` environment
variable is set to `production`), npm will not install modules listed
in `devDependencies`. To install all modules listed in both
`dependencies` and `devDependencies` when `NODE_ENV` environment
variable is set to `production`, you can use `--production=false`.
> NOTE: The `--production` flag has no particular meaning when adding a
dependency to a project.
* `npm install <folder>`:
If `<folder>` sits inside the root of your project, its dependencies will be installed and may
be hoisted to the top-level `node_modules` as they would for other
types of dependencies. If `<folder>` sits outside the root of your project,
*npm will not install the package dependencies* in the directory `<folder>`,
but it will create a symlink to `<folder>`.
> NOTE: If you want to install the content of a directory like a package from the registry instead of creating a link, you would need to use the `--install-links` option.
Example:
```bash
npm install ../../other-package --install-links
npm install ./sub-package
```
* `npm install <tarball file>`:
Install a package that is sitting on the filesystem. Note: if you just
want to link a dev directory into your npm root, you can do this more
easily by using [`npm link`](/commands/npm-link).
Tarball requirements:
* The filename *must* use `.tar`, `.tar.gz`, or `.tgz` as the
extension.
* The package contents should reside in a subfolder inside the tarball
(usually it is called `package/`). npm strips one directory layer
when installing the package (an equivalent of `tar x
--strip-components=1` is run).
* The package must contain a `package.json` file with `name` and
`version` properties.
Example:
```bash
npm install ./package.tgz
```
* `npm install <tarball url>`:
Fetch the tarball url, and then install it. In order to distinguish between
this and other options, the argument must start with "http://" or "https://"
Example:
```bash
npm install https://github.com/indexzero/forever/tarball/v0.5.6
```
* `npm install [<@scope>/]<name>`:
Do a `<name>@<tag>` install, where `<tag>` is the "tag" config. (See
[`config`](/using-npm/config#tag). The config's default value is `latest`.)
In most cases, this will install the version of the modules tagged as
`latest` on the npm registry.
Example:
```bash
npm install sax
```
`npm install` saves any specified packages into `dependencies` by default.
Additionally, you can control where and how they get saved with some
additional flags:
* `-P, --save-prod`: Package will appear in your `dependencies`. This
is the default unless `-D` or `-O` are present.
* `-D, --save-dev`: Package will appear in your `devDependencies`.
* `-O, --save-optional`: Package will appear in your
`optionalDependencies`.
* `--no-save`: Prevents saving to `dependencies`.
When using any of the above options to save dependencies to your
package.json, there are two additional, optional flags:
* `-E, --save-exact`: Saved dependencies will be configured with an
exact version rather than using npm's default semver range operator.
* `-B, --save-bundle`: Saved dependencies will also be added to your
`bundleDependencies` list.
Further, if you have an `npm-shrinkwrap.json` or `package-lock.json`
then it will be updated as well.
`<scope>` is optional. The package will be downloaded from the registry
associated with the specified scope. If no registry is associated with
the given scope the default registry is assumed. See
[`scope`](/using-npm/scope).
Note: if you do not include the @-symbol on your scope name, npm will
interpret this as a GitHub repository instead, see below. Scopes names
must also be followed by a slash.
Examples:
```bash
npm install sax
npm install githubname/reponame
npm install @myorg/privatepackage
npm install node-tap --save-dev
npm install dtrace-provider --save-optional
npm install readable-stream --save-exact
npm install ansi-regex --save-bundle
```
**Note**: If there is a file or folder named `<name>` in the current
working directory, then it will try to install that, and only try to
fetch the package by name if it is not valid.
* `npm install <alias>@npm:<name>`:
Install a package under a custom alias. Allows multiple versions of
a same-name package side-by-side, more convenient import names for
packages with otherwise long ones, and using git forks replacements
or forked npm packages as replacements. Aliasing works only on your
project and does not rename packages in transitive dependencies.
Aliases should follow the naming conventions stated in
[`validate-npm-package-name`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/validate-npm-package-name#naming-rules).
Examples:
```bash
npm install my-react@npm:react
npm install jquery2@npm:jquery@2
npm install jquery3@npm:jquery@3
npm install npa@npm:npm-package-arg
```
* `npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag>`:
Install the version of the package that is referenced by the specified tag.
If the tag does not exist in the registry data for that package, then this
will fail.
Example:
```bash
npm install sax@latest
npm install @myorg/mypackage@latest
```
* `npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version>`:
Install the specified version of the package. This will fail if the
version has not been published to the registry.
Example:
```bash
npm install sax@0.1.1
npm install @myorg/privatepackage@1.5.0
```
* `npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range>`:
Install a version of the package matching the specified version range.
This will follow the same rules for resolving dependencies described in
[`package.json`](/configuring-npm/package-json).
Note that most version ranges must be put in quotes so that your shell
will treat it as a single argument.
Example:
```bash
npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"
npm install @myorg/privatepackage@"16 - 17"
```
* `npm install <git remote url>`:
Installs the package from the hosted git provider, cloning it with
`git`. For a full git remote url, only that URL will be attempted.
```bash
<protocol>://[<user>[:<password>]@]<hostname>[:<port>][:][/]<path>[#<commit-ish> | #semver:<semver>]
```
`<protocol>` is one of `git`, `git+ssh`, `git+http`, `git+https`, or
`git+file`.
If `#<commit-ish>` is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that
commit. If the commit-ish has the format `#semver:<semver>`, `<semver>`
can be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for
any tags or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as
it would for a registry dependency. If neither `#<commit-ish>` or
`#semver:<semver>` is specified, then the default branch of the
repository is used.
If the repository makes use of submodules, those submodules will be
cloned as well.
If the package being installed contains a `prepare` script, its
`dependencies` and `devDependencies` will be installed, and the prepare
script will be run, before the package is packaged and installed.
The following git environment variables are recognized by npm and will
be added to the environment when running git:
* `GIT_ASKPASS`
* `GIT_EXEC_PATH`
* `GIT_PROXY_COMMAND`
* `GIT_SSH`
* `GIT_SSH_COMMAND`
* `GIT_SSL_CAINFO`
* `GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY`
See the git man page for details.
Examples:
```bash
npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli.git#v1.0.27
npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli#pull/273
npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli#semver:^5.0
npm install git+https://isaacs@github.com/npm/cli.git
npm install git://github.com/npm/cli.git#v1.0.27
GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh -i ~/.ssh/custom_ident' npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli.git
```
* `npm install <githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit-ish>]`:
* `npm install github:<githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit-ish>]`:
Install the package at `https://github.com/githubname/githubrepo` by
attempting to clone it using `git`.
If `#<commit-ish>` is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that
commit. If the commit-ish has the format `#semver:<semver>`, `<semver>`
can be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for
any tags or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as
it would for a registry dependency. If neither `#<commit-ish>` or
`#semver:<semver>` is specified, then the default branch is used.
As with regular git dependencies, `dependencies` and `devDependencies`
will be installed if the package has a `prepare` script before the
package is done installing.
Examples:
```bash
npm install mygithubuser/myproject
npm install github:mygithubuser/myproject
```
* `npm install gist:[<githubname>/]<gistID>[#<commit-ish>|#semver:<semver>]`:
Install the package at `https://gist.github.com/gistID` by attempting to
clone it using `git`. The GitHub username associated with the gist is
optional and will not be saved in `package.json`.
As with regular git dependencies, `dependencies` and `devDependencies` will
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script before the package is
done installing.
Example:
```bash
npm install gist:101a11beef
```
* `npm install bitbucket:<bitbucketname>/<bitbucketrepo>[#<commit-ish>]`:
Install the package at `https://bitbucket.org/bitbucketname/bitbucketrepo`
by attempting to clone it using `git`.
If `#<commit-ish>` is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that
commit. If the commit-ish has the format `#semver:<semver>`, `<semver>` can
be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags
or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a
registry dependency. If neither `#<commit-ish>` or `#semver:<semver>` is
specified, then `master` is used.
As with regular git dependencies, `dependencies` and `devDependencies` will
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script before the package is
done installing.
Example:
```bash
npm install bitbucket:mybitbucketuser/myproject
```
* `npm install gitlab:<gitlabname>/<gitlabrepo>[#<commit-ish>]`:
Install the package at `https://gitlab.com/gitlabname/gitlabrepo`
by attempting to clone it using `git`.
If `#<commit-ish>` is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that
commit. If the commit-ish has the format `#semver:<semver>`, `<semver>` can
be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags
or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a
registry dependency. If neither `#<commit-ish>` or `#semver:<semver>` is
specified, then `master` is used.
As with regular git dependencies, `dependencies` and `devDependencies` will
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script before the package is
done installing.
Example:
```bash
npm install gitlab:mygitlabuser/myproject
npm install gitlab:myusr/myproj#semver:^5.0
```
You may combine multiple arguments and even multiple types of arguments.
For example:
```bash
npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0" bench supervisor
```
The `--tag` argument will apply to all of the specified install targets. If
a tag with the given name exists, the tagged version is preferred over
newer versions.
The `--dry-run` argument will report in the usual way what the install
would have done without actually installing anything.
The `--package-lock-only` argument will only update the
`package-lock.json`, instead of checking `node_modules` and downloading
dependencies.
The `-f` or `--force` argument will force npm to fetch remote resources
even if a local copy exists on disk.
```bash
npm install sax --force
```
### Configuration
See the [`config`](/using-npm/config) help doc. Many of the configuration
params have some effect on installation, since that's most of what npm
does.
These are some of the most common options related to installation.
#### `save`
* Default: `true` unless when using `npm update` where it defaults to `false`
* Type: Boolean
Save installed packages to a `package.json` file as dependencies.
When used with the `npm rm` command, removes the dependency from
`package.json`.
Will also prevent writing to `package-lock.json` if set to `false`.
#### `save-exact`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
Dependencies saved to package.json will be configured with an exact version
rather than using npm's default semver range operator.
#### `global`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
Operates in "global" mode, so that packages are installed into the `prefix`
folder instead of the current working directory. See
[folders](/configuring-npm/folders) for more on the differences in behavior.
* packages are installed into the `{prefix}/lib/node_modules` folder, instead
of the current working directory.
* bin files are linked to `{prefix}/bin`
* man pages are linked to `{prefix}/share/man`
#### `install-strategy`
* Default: "hoisted"
* Type: "hoisted", "nested", "shallow", or "linked"
Sets the strategy for installing packages in node_modules. hoisted
(default): Install non-duplicated in top-level, and duplicated as necessary
within directory structure. nested: (formerly --legacy-bundling) install in
place, no hoisting. shallow (formerly --global-style) only install direct
deps at top-level. linked: (experimental) install in node_modules/.store,
link in place, unhoisted.
#### `legacy-bundling`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
* DEPRECATED: This option has been deprecated in favor of
`--install-strategy=nested`
Instead of hoisting package installs in `node_modules`, install packages in
the same manner that they are depended on. This may cause very deep
directory structures and duplicate package installs as there is no
de-duplicating. Sets `--install-strategy=nested`.
#### `global-style`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
* DEPRECATED: This option has been deprecated in favor of
`--install-strategy=shallow`
Only install direct dependencies in the top level `node_modules`, but hoist
on deeper dependencies. Sets `--install-strategy=shallow`.
#### `omit`
* Default: 'dev' if the `NODE_ENV` environment variable is set to
'production', otherwise empty.
* Type: "dev", "optional", or "peer" (can be set multiple times)
Dependency types to omit from the installation tree on disk.
Note that these dependencies _are_ still resolved and added to the
`package-lock.json` or `npm-shrinkwrap.json` file. They are just not
physically installed on disk.
If a package type appears in both the `--include` and `--omit` lists, then
it will be included.
If the resulting omit list includes `'dev'`, then the `NODE_ENV` environment
variable will be set to `'production'` for all lifecycle scripts.
#### `strict-peer-deps`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
If set to `true`, and `--legacy-peer-deps` is not set, then _any_
conflicting `peerDependencies` will be treated as an install failure, even
if npm could reasonably guess the appropriate resolution based on non-peer
dependency relationships.
By default, conflicting `peerDependencies` deep in the dependency graph will
be resolved using the nearest non-peer dependency specification, even if
doing so will result in some packages receiving a peer dependency outside
the range set in their package's `peerDependencies` object.
When such an override is performed, a warning is printed, explaining the
conflict and the packages involved. If `--strict-peer-deps` is set, then
this warning is treated as a failure.
#### `prefer-dedupe`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
Prefer to deduplicate packages if possible, rather than choosing a newer
version of a dependency.
#### `package-lock`
* Default: true
* Type: Boolean
If set to false, then ignore `package-lock.json` files when installing. This
will also prevent _writing_ `package-lock.json` if `save` is true.
#### `package-lock-only`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
If set to true, the current operation will only use the `package-lock.json`,
ignoring `node_modules`.
For `update` this means only the `package-lock.json` will be updated,
instead of checking `node_modules` and downloading dependencies.
For `list` this means the output will be based on the tree described by the
`package-lock.json`, rather than the contents of `node_modules`.
#### `foreground-scripts`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
Run all build scripts (ie, `preinstall`, `install`, and `postinstall`)
scripts for installed packages in the foreground process, sharing standard
input, output, and error with the main npm process.
Note that this will generally make installs run slower, and be much noisier,
but can be useful for debugging.
#### `ignore-scripts`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
If true, npm does not run scripts specified in package.json files.
Note that commands explicitly intended to run a particular script, such as
`npm start`, `npm stop`, `npm restart`, `npm test`, and `npm run-script`
will still run their intended script if `ignore-scripts` is set, but they
will *not* run any pre- or post-scripts.
#### `audit`
* Default: true
* Type: Boolean
When "true" submit audit reports alongside the current npm command to the
default registry and all registries configured for scopes. See the
documentation for [`npm audit`](/commands/npm-audit) for details on what is
submitted.
#### `bin-links`
* Default: true
* Type: Boolean
Tells npm to create symlinks (or `.cmd` shims on Windows) for package
executables.
Set to false to have it not do this. This can be used to work around the
fact that some file systems don't support symlinks, even on ostensibly Unix
systems.
#### `fund`
* Default: true
* Type: Boolean
When "true" displays the message at the end of each `npm install`
acknowledging the number of dependencies looking for funding. See [`npm
fund`](/commands/npm-fund) for details.
#### `dry-run`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
Indicates that you don't want npm to make any changes and that it should
only report what it would have done. This can be passed into any of the
commands that modify your local installation, eg, `install`, `update`,
`dedupe`, `uninstall`, as well as `pack` and `publish`.
Note: This is NOT honored by other network related commands, eg `dist-tags`,
`owner`, etc.
#### `cpu`
* Default: null
* Type: null or String
Override CPU architecture of native modules to install. Acceptable values
are same as `cpu` field of package.json, which comes from `process.arch`.
#### `os`
* Default: null
* Type: null or String
Override OS of native modules to install. Acceptable values are same as `os`
field of package.json, which comes from `process.platform`.
#### `workspace`
* Default:
* Type: String (can be set multiple times)
Enable running a command in the context of the configured workspaces of the
current project while filtering by running only the workspaces defined by
this configuration option.
Valid values for the `workspace` config are either:
* Workspace names
* Path to a workspace directory
* Path to a parent workspace directory (will result in selecting all
workspaces within that folder)
When set for the `npm init` command, this may be set to the folder of a
workspace which does not yet exist, to create the folder and set it up as a
brand new workspace within the project.
This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.
#### `workspaces`
* Default: null
* Type: null or Boolean
Set to true to run the command in the context of **all** configured
workspaces.
Explicitly setting this to false will cause commands like `install` to
ignore workspaces altogether. When not set explicitly:
- Commands that operate on the `node_modules` tree (install, update, etc.)
will link workspaces into the `node_modules` folder. - Commands that do
other things (test, exec, publish, etc.) will operate on the root project,
_unless_ one or more workspaces are specified in the `workspace` config.
This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.
#### `include-workspace-root`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
Include the workspace root when workspaces are enabled for a command.
When false, specifying individual workspaces via the `workspace` config, or
all workspaces via the `workspaces` flag, will cause npm to operate only on
the specified workspaces, and not on the root project.
This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.
#### `install-links`
* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
When set file: protocol dependencies will be packed and installed as regular
dependencies instead of creating a symlink. This option has no effect on
workspaces.
### Algorithm
Given a `package{dep}` structure: `A{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}`,
the npm install algorithm produces:
```bash
A
+-- B
+-- C
+-- D
```
That is, the dependency from B to C is satisfied by the fact that A already
caused C to be installed at a higher level. D is still installed at the top
level because nothing conflicts with it.
For `A{B,C}, B{C,D@1}, C{D@2}`, this algorithm produces:
```bash
A
+-- B
+-- C
`-- D@2
+-- D@1
```
Because B's D@1 will be installed in the top-level, C now has to install
D@2 privately for itself. This algorithm is deterministic, but different
trees may be produced if two dependencies are requested for installation in
a different order.
See [folders](/configuring-npm/folders) for a more detailed description of
the specific folder structures that npm creates.
### See Also
* [npm folders](/configuring-npm/folders)
* [npm update](/commands/npm-update)
* [npm audit](/commands/npm-audit)
* [npm fund](/commands/npm-fund)
* [npm link](/commands/npm-link)
* [npm rebuild](/commands/npm-rebuild)
* [npm scripts](/using-npm/scripts)
* [npm config](/commands/npm-config)
* [npmrc](/configuring-npm/npmrc)
* [npm registry](/using-npm/registry)
* [npm dist-tag](/commands/npm-dist-tag)
* [npm uninstall](/commands/npm-uninstall)
* [npm shrinkwrap](/commands/npm-shrinkwrap)
* [package.json](/configuring-npm/package-json)
* [workspaces](/using-npm/workspaces)
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